Introduction
In this experiment, we will learn how to turn on/off an LED by using an I/O port and a button. The “I/O port” refers to the INPUT and OUTPUT port. Here the INPUT port of the Uno board is used to read the output of an external device. Since the board itself has an LED (connected to Pin 13), you can use this LED to do this experiment for convenience.
Components
Experimental Principle
Button
Buttons are a common component used to control electronic devices. They are usually used as switches to connect or break circuits. Although buttons come in a variety of sizes and shapes, the one used here is a 6mm mini-button as shown in the following pictures.
Two pins on the left is connected, and the right is similar as the left, which is shown in the below:
The following is the internal structure of a button. The symbol on the right below is usually used to represent a button in circuits.
When the button is pressed, the 4 pins are connected, thus closing the circuit.
Principle:
Connect one end of the buttons to pin 12 which connects with a pull-down resistor (to eliminate jitter and output a stable level when the button is working). Connect the other end of the resistor to GND and one of the pins at the other end of the button to 5V. When the button is pressed, pin 12 is 5V (HIGH). Set the pin 12 as High level by programming and pin 13 (integrated with an LED) as High at the same time. Then release the button (pin 12 changes to LOW) and pin 13 is Low. So we will see the LED lights up and goes out alternately as the button is pressed and released.
The schematic diagram：
Experimental Procedures
Step 1: Build the circuit
Step 2: Open the code file.
Step 3: Select the Board and Port.
Step 4: Upload the sketch to the board.
Now, press the button, and the LED on the Uno board will light up.
Code Analysis
Code Analysis 3-1 Define variables
const int buttonPin = 12; //the button connect to pin 12
const int ledPin = 13;//the led connect to pin13
int buttonState = 0; // variable for reading the pushbutton status
Connect the button to pin 12. LED has been connected to pin 13. Define a variable buttonState to restore the state of the button.
Code Analysis 3-2 Set the input and output status of the pins
pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT); //initialize thebuttonPin as input
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); //initialize the led pin as output
We need to know the status of the button in this experiment, so here set the buttonPin as INPUT; to set HIGH/LOW of the LED, we set LedPin as OUTPUT.
Code Analysis 3-3 Read the status of the button
buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin);
buttonPin(Pin12) is a digital pin; here is to read the value of the button and store it in buttonState.
digitalRead (Pin): Reads the value from a specified digital pin, either HIGH or LOW.
Code Analysis 3-4 Turn on the LED when the button is pressed
if (buttonState == HIGH )
{
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); //turn the led on
}
else
{
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); //turn the led off
}
In this part, when the buttonState is High level, write ledPin as High and the LED will be turned on. As one end of the button has been connected to 5V and the other end to pin 12, when the button is pressed, pin 12 is 5V (HIGH). And then determine with the if(conditional); if the conditional is true, then the LED will light up.
Else means that when the if(conditional) is determined as false, run the code in else.
Experiment Summary
You can also change the code to: when the button is pressed, if (buttonState=HIGH). The LED goes out (digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW)). When the button is released (the else), the LED lights up ((digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH)). You only need to replace the code in if with those in else.